Review . 2022 May;6057911640-652. doi Epub 2022 Mar 31. Elodie Ghedin 1 3 , Matthew B Frieman 4 , Florian Krammer 5 6 , Alba Grifoni 7 , Arghavan Alisoltani 8 , Galit Alter 9 , Rama R Amara 10 , Ralph S Baric 11 12 , Dan H Barouch 13 , Jesse D Bloom 14 , Louis-Marie Bloyet 15 , Gaston Bonenfant 16 , Adrianus C M Boon 17 , Eli A Boritz 1 2 18 , Debbie L Bratt 1 2 19 , Traci L Bricker 17 , Liliana Brown 1 2 , William J Buchser 20 , Juan Manuel Carreño 21 , Liel Cohen-Lavi 22 , Tamarand L Darling 17 , Meredith E Davis-Gardner 23 , Bethany L Dearlove 24 , Han Di 16 , Meike Dittmann 25 , Nicole A Doria-Rose 1 18 , Daniel C Douek 1 18 , Christian Drosten 26 , Venkata-Viswanadh Edara 23 , Ali Ellebedy 27 , Thomas P Fabrizio 28 , Guido Ferrari 29 , Will M Fischer 30 , William C Florence 1 2 , Ron A M Fouchier 31 , John Franks 28 , Adolfo García-Sastre 21 32 33 34 35 , Adam Godzik 8 , Ana Silvia Gonzalez-Reiche 36 , Aubree Gordon 37 , Bart L Haagmans 31 , Peter J Halfmann 38 , David D Ho 39 , Michael R Holbrook 40 , Yaoxing Huang 39 , Sarah L James 41 , Lukasz Jaroszewski 8 , Trushar Jeevan 28 , Robert M Johnson 4 , Terry C Jones 26 41 , Astha Joshi 17 , Yoshihiro Kawaoka 38 42 43 , Lisa Kercher 28 , Marion P G Koopmans 31 , Bette Korber 30 , Eilay Koren 22 44 , Richard A Koup 1 18 , Eric B LeGresley 41 , Jacob E Lemieux 45 , Mariel J Liebeskind 20 , Zhuoming Liu 15 , Brandi Livingston 28 , James P Logue 4 , Yang Luo 39 , Adrian B McDermott 1 18 , Margaret J McElrath 46 , Victoria A Meliopoulos 28 , Vineet D Menachery 47 , David C Montefiori 48 , Barbara Mühlemann 26 41 , Vincent J Munster 49 , Jenny E Munt 11 , Manoj S Nair 39 , Antonia Netzl 41 , Anna M Niewiadomska 50 , Sijy O'Dell 1 18 , Andrew Pekosz 51 , Stanley Perlman 52 , Marjorie C Pontelli 15 , Barry Rockx 31 , Morgane Rolland 24 , Paul W Rothlauf 15 , Sinai Sacharen 22 44 , Richard H Scheuermann 50 , Stephen D Schmidt 1 18 , Michael Schotsaert 21 35 , Stacey Schultz-Cherry 28 , Robert A Seder 1 18 , Mayya Sedova 8 , Alessandro Sette 7 53 , Reed S Shabman 1 2 , Xiaoying Shen 29 , Pei-Yong Shi 54 , Maulik Shukla 55 56 , Viviana Simon 21 32 33 35 , Spencer Stumpf 15 , Nancy J Sullivan 1 18 , Larissa B Thackray 17 , James Theiler 30 , Paul G Thomas 57 , Sanja Trifkovic 28 , Sina Türeli 41 , Samuel A Turner 41 , Maria A Vakaki 20 , Harm van Bakel 36 , Laura A VanBlargan 17 , Leah R Vincent 1 2 , Zachary S Wallace 50 58 , Li Wang 16 , Maple Wang 39 , Pengfei Wang 39 , Wei Wang 59 , Scott C Weaver 47 , Richard J Webby 28 , Carol D Weiss 59 , David E Wentworth 16 , Stuart M Weston 4 , Sean P J Whelan 15 , Bradley M Whitener 17 , Samuel H Wilks 41 , Xuping Xie 54 , Baoling Ying 17 , Hyejin Yoon 30 , Bin Zhou 16 , Tomer Hertz 60 , Derek J Smith 61 , Michael S Diamond 62 63 64 65 , Diane J Post 66 67 , Mehul S Suthar 68 Affiliations PMID 35361968 PMCID PMC9345323 available on 2022-11-01 DOI Review Defining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 variants on immune protection Marciela M DeGrace et al. Nature. 2022 May. Abstract The global emergence of many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 variants jeopardizes the protective antiviral immunity induced after infection or vaccination. To address the public health threat caused by the increasing SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases within the National Institutes of Health established the SARS-CoV-2 Assessment of Viral Evolution SAVE programme. This effort was designed to provide a real-time risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 variants that could potentially affect the transmission, virulence, and resistance to infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. The SAVE programme is a critical data-generating component of the US Government SARS-CoV-2 Interagency Group to assess implications of SARS-CoV-2 variants on diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics, and for communicating public health risk. Here we describe the coordinated approach used to identify and curate data about emerging variants, their impact on immunity and effects on vaccine protection using animal models. We report the development of reagents, methodologies, models and notable findings facilitated by this collaborative approach and identify future challenges. This programme is a template for the response to rapidly evolving pathogens with pandemic potential by monitoring viral evolution in the human population to identify variants that could reduce the effectiveness of countermeasures. © 2022. Springer Nature Limited. Conflict of interest statement Conflicts of Interest DHB is a co-inventor on provisional vaccine patents 63/121,482; 63/133,969; 63/135,182, JDB consults for Moderna and Flagship Labs 77 on topics related to viral evolution, and is an inventor on Fred Hutch licensed patents related to viral deep mutational scanning, The Boon laboratory has received unrelated funding support in sponsored research agreements from AI Therapeutics, GreenLight Biosciences Inc., and Nano targeting & Therapy Biopharma Inc. The Boon laboratory has received funding support from AbbVie Inc., for the commercial development of SARS-CoV-2 mAb. was a recipient of a licensing agreement with Abbvie Inc., for commercial development of SARS-CoV-2 mAb, is a consultant for Inbios, Vir Biotechnology, Senda Biosciences, and Carnival Corporation, and on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Moderna and Immunome. The Diamond laboratory has received unrelated funding support in sponsored research agreements from Vir Biotechnology, Moderna, and Emergent BioSolutions, The Ellebedy laboratory received funding under sponsored research agreements that are unrelated to the data presented in the current study from Emergent BioSolutions and from AbbVie. has received consulting fees from InBios International, Inc, Fimbrion Therapeutics, Mubadala Investment Company and Goldman Sachs and is the founder of ImmuneBio Consulting, MBF has funding from Novavax which is outside the scope of this research. They had no role in the funded research from the SAVES consortium, the Garcia-Sastre laboratory has received research support from Pfizer, Senhwa Biosciences, Kenall Manufacturing, Avimex, Johnson & Johnson, Dynavax, 7Hills Pharma, Pharmamar, ImmunityBio, Accurius, Nanocomposix, Hexamer, N-fold LLC, Model Medicines and Merck, outside of the reported work. has consulting agreements for the following companies involving cash and/or stock Vivaldi Biosciences, Contrafect, 7Hills Pharma, Avimex, Vaxalto, Pagoda, Accurius, Esperovax, Farmak, Applied Biological Laboratories, Pharmamar and Pfizer, outside of the reported work. is inventor on patents and patent applications on the use of antivirals and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of virus infections and cancer, owned by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, outside of the reported work, Aubree Gordon serves on a scientific advisory board for Janssen, Erasmus MC has a Proprietary IP on MERS, BK is part of provisional patent applications for strategies for next generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that address diversity, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays which lists Viviana Simon as a co-inventor and NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines which list Florian Krammer as co-inventor, Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Kantaro, to market serological tests for SARS-CoV-2. Florian Krammer has consulted for Merck and Pfizer before 2020, and is currently consulting for Pfizer, Seqirus, 3rd Rock Ventures and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is also collaborating with Pfizer on animal models of SARS-CoV-2, VDM have filed a patent on the reverse genetic system and reporter SARS-CoV-2, DCM receives funding from Moderna to perform blinded assessments of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses in clinical studies of their COVID-19 vaccines, is a consultant for Gritstone Bio, Flow Pharma, Arcturus Therapeutics, ImmunoScape, CellCarta, Avalia, Moderna, Fortress and Repertoire., PYS laboratory has received funding support in sponsored research agreements from GSK, Pfizer, Gilead, Novartis, Merck, IGM Biosciences, and Atea Pharmaceuticals. is a member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of AbImmune and is Founder of FlaviTech, serves on the advisory board for Moderna and Ocugen, PGT serves on the scientific advisory board for Immunoscape and Cytoagents and has consulted for Johnson and Johnson. PGT has received travel support and honoraria from Illumina and 10X Genomics. PGT has patents related to viral infection treatment and T cell receptor biology. and have filed a patent with Washington University for VSV- SARS-CoV-2 mutants to characterize antibody panels. has received unrelated funding support in sponsored research agreements with Vir Biotechnology, AbbVie, and sAB therapeutics. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the US Department of Health and Human Services. Similar articles Emerging Variants of SARS-CoV-2 And Novel Therapeutics Against Coronavirus COVID-19. Aleem A, Akbar Samad AB, Slenker AK. Aleem A, et al. 2022 May 12. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. 2022 May 12. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. PMID 34033342 Free Books & Documents. SARS-CoV2 variant-specific replicating RNA vaccines protect from disease following challenge with heterologous variants of concern. Hawman DW, Meade-White K, Archer J, Leventhal SS, Wilson D, Shaia C, Randall S, Khandhar AP, Krieger K, Hsiang TY, Gale M, Berglund P, Fuller DH, Feldmann H, Erasmus JH. Hawman DW, et al. Elife. 2022 Feb 22;11e75537. doi Elife. 2022. PMID 35191378 Free PMC article. Facing the wrath of enigmatic mutations a review on the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants amid coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Chadha J, Khullar L, Mittal N. Chadha J, et al. Environ Microbiol. 2022 Jun;2462615-2629. doi Epub 2021 Aug 8. Environ Microbiol. 2022. PMID 34320263 Free PMC article. Review. SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity. Mistry P, Barmania F, Mellet J, Peta K, Strydom A, Viljoen IM, James W, Gordon S, Pepper MS. Mistry P, et al. Front Immunol. 2022 Jan 3;12809244. doi eCollection 2021. Front Immunol. 2022. PMID 35046961 Free PMC article. Review. The British variant of the new coronavirus-19 Sars-Cov-2 should not create a vaccine problem. Conti P, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Kritas SK, Frydas I, Younes A, Di Emidio P, Tetè G, Pregliasco F, Ronconi G. Conti P, et al. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2021 Jan-Feb;3511-4. doi J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2021. PMID 33377359 Cited by Different Neutralization Profiles After Primary SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Infections. Medits I, Springer DN, Graninger M, Camp JV, Höltl E, Aberle SW, Traugott MT, Hoepler W, Deutsch J, Lammel O, Borsodi C, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Zoufaly A, Weseslindtner L, Aberle JH, Stiasny K. Medits I, et al. Front Immunol. 2022 Jul 19;13946318. doi eCollection 2022. Front Immunol. 2022. PMID 35928813 Free PMC article. Differential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Wang L, Kainulainen MH, Jiang N, Di H, Bonenfant G, Mills L, Currier M, Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Calderon BM, Sheth M, Mann BR, Hossain J, Lin X, Lester S, Pusch EA, Jones J, Cui D, Chatterjee P, Jenks MH, Morantz EK, Larson GP, Hatta M, Harcourt JL, Tamin A, Li Y, Tao Y, Zhao K, Lacek K, Burroughs A, Wang W, Wilson M, Wong T, Park SH, Tong S, Barnes JR, Tenforde MW, Self WH, Shapiro NI, Exline MC, Files DC, Gibbs KW, Hager DN, Patel M, Halpin AL, McMullan LK, Lee JS, Xia H, Xie X, Shi PY, Davis CT, Spiropoulou CF, Thornburg NJ, Oberste MS, Dugan VG; SSEV Bioinformatics Working Group, Wentworth DE, Zhou B. Wang L, et al. Nat Commun. 2022 Jul 27;1314350. doi Nat Commun. 2022. PMID 35896523 Free PMC article. Autophagy in health and disease From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic target. Lu G, Wang Y, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Huang C, He W, Wang C, Shen HM. Lu G, et al. MedComm 2020. 2022 Jul 10;33e150. doi eCollection 2022 Sep. MedComm 2020. 2022. PMID 35845350 Free PMC article. Review. Cysteamine exerts in vitro antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants. Alonzi T, Aiello A, Repele F, Falasca L, Francalancia M, Garbuglia AR, Delogu G, Nicastri E, Piacentini M, Goletti D. Alonzi T, et al. Cell Death Discov. 2022 Jun 15;81288. doi Cell Death Discov. 2022. PMID 35705564 Free PMC article. Systems biology of malaria explored with nonhuman primates. Galinski MR. Galinski MR. Malar J. 2022 Jun 7;211177. doi Malar J. 2022. PMID 35672852 Free PMC article. Review. 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